Computer-aided Design Software Research Articles

UHVDC transmission line diagnosis method for integrated community energy system based on wavelet analysis

With the large-scale development of renewable energy power, China has faced with the challenges of the reverse regional distribution of wind and solar resources and power load, as well as the intermittency and randomness of renewable energy power. Therefore, China is vigorously developing ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission technology to solve the problem of insufficient flexibility caused by the uncertainty of renewable energy and the fluctuation of multi-energy loads in integrated community energy systems. UHVDC plays an increasingly pivotal role in the west-east transmission system in China’s power system due to its high transmission capacity and long transmission distance. Once the fault occurs in the ultra-high voltage direct (UHVD) transmission line, quick and accurate fault location identification is of great significance. Hence, this paper proposes a UHVDC transmission line diagnosis method based on wavelet analysis for integrated community energy systems. Wavelet transform (WT) is used to decompose the transient signal on a multi-scale, and then power systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software is utilized for simulation calculation to obtain the singular spectrum entropy of each layer and facilitate wavelet transformations for signal denoising with advanced tools such as MATLAB. The prediction results can distinguish outside the rectification side fault, within the rectification side fault, and outside the inverter fault with an accuracy of 100%. A large number of simulations demonstrate that combining singular spectrum entropy with support vector machines (SVM) has emerged as a robust technique for integrated community energy systems, suggesting its potential as a standard method in UHVDC transmission line diagnosis. This study is of significant reference for realizing the complementarity of multiple types of power supply and ensuring a reliable power supply.

Novel patient-specific gingival soft-tissue expander development for large bone defects using silicone 3D-printing technology

The current hydrogel self-inflating expander is limited by its volume and linear expansion rate, making it unsuitable for correcting patient-specific large mandibular bone defects in soft-tissue surgeries. This study devised a novel approach for crafting patient-specific gingival tissue expanders for large mandibular bone defects by employing silicone 3D-printing technology. The biocompatible and swellable polymer tablet was compressed and placed into a 3D-printed silicone membrane to evaluate its expansion capability. Two patient-specific large left and right mandibular bone defects with complex geometries were selected to generate defect expander models in a computer-aided design (CAD) software. The swellable tablets were enveloped in the 3D-printed silicone membranes to form soft-tissue expanders, which were then immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 6 weeks to observe their expansion. Results demonstrated that a slot-shaped silicone soft-tissue tablet attained an expansion volume of 1960 mm³. A fourth-degree polynomial fitting curve illustrated slower expansion rates in the initial 2 weeks and achieved complete expansion in about 6 weeks. Patient-specific silicone expander testing indicated less than 2% error in the average expanded volumes of compared to CAD models. The cross-sectional profile of the soft-tissue expanders closely resembled the CAD model. This study demonstrated that biocompatible polymer could be utilized as swellable tablet material and enveloped within a 3D-printed silicone membrane to generate a novel soft-tissue expander that adhered to clinical standards. Additionally, the study validated the feasibility of expanding patient-specific silicone expanders within 6 weeks for repairing large left and right mandibular bone defects.

Structural Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Suspension System Using CATIA and ANSYS

This project delves into the structural analysis of an off-road vehicle suspension system, employing cutting-edge software tools such as CATIA and ANSYS. Off-road vehicles necessitate robust suspension systems capable of withstanding harsh terrain conditions while ensuring vehicle stability, manoeuvrability, and passenger comfort. The study focuses on evaluating the structural integrity, performance, and behaviour of the suspension system under diverse load conditions and terrain scenarios. This project focuses on conducting a comprehensive structural analysis of an off-road vehicle suspension system using advanced engineering software tools, specifically CATIA and ANSYS. CATIA is a powerful computer-aided design (CAD) software known for its capabilities in creating detailed 3D models, while ANSYS is a leading finite element analysis (FEA) software used for simulating structural behaviour and analyzing mechanical systems. Keywords: suspension system, CATIA v5, ANSYS, iterations, FEA.

HLS-IRT: Hardware Trojan Insertion through Modification of Intermediate Representation During High-Level Synthesis

Modern integrated circuit (IC) design incorporates the usage of proprietary computer-aided design (CAD) software and integration of third-party hardware intellectual property (IP) cores. Subsequently, the fabrication process for the design takes place in untrustworthy offshore foundries that raises concerns regarding security and reliability. Hardware Trojans (HTs) are difficult to detect malicious modifications to IC that constitute a major threat, which if undetected prior to deployment, can lead to catastrophic functional failures or the unauthorized leakage of confidential information. Apart from the risks posed by rogue human agents, recent studies have shown that high-level synthesis (HLS) CAD software can serve as a potent attack vector for inserting Hardware Trojans (HTs). In this paper, we introduce a novel automated attack vector, which we term “HLS-IRT”, by inserting HT in the register transfer logic (RTL) description of circuits generated during a HLS based IC design flow, by directly modifying the compiler-generated intermediate representation (IR) corresponding to the design. We demonstrate the attack using a design and implementation flow based on the open-source Bambu HLS software and Xilinx FPGA, on several hardware accelerators spanning different application domains. Our results show that the resulting HTs are surreptitious and effective, while incurring minimal design overhead. We also propose a novel detection scheme for HLS-IRT, since existing techniques are found to be inadequate to detect the proposed HTs.

A Preclinical Trial Protocol Using an Ovine Model to Assess Scaffold Implant Biomaterials for Repair of Critical-Sized Mandibular Defects.

The present work describes a preclinical trial (in silico, in vivo and in vitro) protocol to assess the biomechanical performance and osteogenic capability of 3D-printed polymeric scaffolds implants used to repair partial defects in a sheep mandible. The protocol spans multiple steps of the medical device development pipeline, including initial concept design of the scaffold implant, digital twin in silico finite element modeling, manufacturing of the device prototype, in vivo device implantation, and in vitro laboratory mechanical testing. First, a patient-specific one-body scaffold implant used for reconstructing a critical-sized defect along the lower border of the sheep mandible ramus was designed using on computed-tomographic (CT) imagery and computer-aided design software. Next, the biomechanical performance of the implant was predicted numerically by simulating physiological load conditions in a digital twin in silico finite element model of the sheep mandible. This allowed for possible redesigning of the implant prior to commencing in vivo experimentation. Then, two types of polymeric biomaterials were used to manufacture the mandibular scaffold implants: poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly ether ketone (PEK) printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS), respectively. Then, after being implanted for 13 weeks in vivo, the implant and surrounding bone tissue was harvested and microCT scanned to visualize and quantify neo-tissue formation in the porous space of the scaffold. Finally, the implant and local bone tissue was assessed by in vitro laboratory mechanical testing to quantify the osteointegration. The protocol consists of six component procedures: (i) scaffold design and finite element analysis to predict its biomechanical response, (ii) scaffold fabrication with FDM and SLS 3D printing, (iii) surface treatment of the scaffold with plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) techniques, (iv) ovine mandibular implantation, (v) postoperative sheep recovery, euthanasia, and harvesting of the scaffold and surrounding host bone, microCT scanning, and (vi) in vitro laboratory mechanical tests of the harvested scaffolds. The results of microCT imagery and 3-point mechanical bend testing demonstrate that PIII-SLS-PEK is a promising biomaterial for the manufacturing of scaffold implants to enhance the bone-scaffold contact and bone ingrowth in porous scaffold implants. MicroCT images of the harvested implant and surrounding bone tissue showed encouraging new bone growth at the scaffold-bone interface and inside the porous network of the lattice structure of the SLS-PEK scaffolds.

Dynamic Load Analysis of Mine-Truck Using Multibody Dynamic Analysis Method

Abstract: Vehicle load distributed on front & rear axle assembly during various working conditions is one of the most important factors influencing working performance and service life of drive axle assembly. The dynamic load on axle assembly is higher compared to the rated load because of variations in vehicle speed and road surface conditions. Early failure of structural components is caused because of higher dynamic reaction forces due to uneven road profiles. The dynamic load calculation of axle assembly is presented in this paper for a Mine-truck with various road conditions and vehicle speeds. The road load conditions consist of grade, bump & path hole. Mine-truck with payload capacities of 63 Ton is considered for the study. The behaviour of vertical force is calculated for different vehicle speeds (3 - 12 km/hr.) of the machine on the front & rear axle assembly during running conditions. Multi-body dynamic Analysis tool ADAMS is used for this study. ADAMS helps to study the dynamics of moving parts and load distribution throughout mechanical systems during motion. The Mine-truck3D model was created with the help of computer-aided design (CAD) software. Major units of Mine trucks are considered to prepare 3D models like Cabin-engine mass, Bucket, front axle assembly, rear Axle assembly & tires. Multi-body vehicle models are prepared in simulation software ADAMS by importing 3D models prepared by computer-aided design (CAD) software. This provides guidelines for selecting dynamic load factors while designing structural parts of the vehicle.

VQ-CAD: Computer-Aided Design model generation with vector quantized diffusion

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software remains a pivotal tool in modern engineering and manufacturing, driving the design of a diverse range of products. In this work, we introduce VQ-CAD, the first CAD generation model based on Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models. This model utilizes a vector quantized diffusion model, employing multiple hierarchical codebooks generated through VQ-VAE. This integration not only offers a novel perspective on CAD model generation but also achieves state-of-the-art performance in 3D CAD model creation in a fully automatic fashion. Our model is able to recognize and incorporate implicit design constraints by simply forgoing traditional data augmentation. Furthermore, by melding our approach with CLIP, we significantly simplify the existing design process, directly generate CAD command sequences from initial design concepts represented by text or sketches, capture design intentions, and ensure designs adhere to implicit constraints.

PROTOTYPING OF A TWO WHEELER CLUTCH HUB USING REVERSE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

A clutch hub is a critical component in a two wheeler manual transmission system, responsible for transferring rotational power from the engine to the transmission gears and providing a mechanism for disengaging the gears to allow for smooth gear changes. The clutch hub is placed between clutch basket and pressure plate. The clutch plates are mounted on it. It has teeth at center hole which rotate with main shaft. The prototyping of clutch hub using reverse engineering technique, making it essential to understand its design and functionality reverse engineering is employed to deconstruct an existing clutch hub, analyze its dimensions and materials, and create an accurate digital 3D model is created using computer aided design software, by scanning the part and prototyping of clutch hub is made by using 3D printing technology. Key Words: Clutch hub, Reverse engineering, 3D Model, Prototyping, 3D printing.

Computational assessment of carbon fabric reinforced polymer made prosthetic knee: Mechanics, finite element simulations and experimental evaluation.

A prosthetic knee is designed to replace the functionality of an anatomical knee in transfemoral amputees. The purpose of a prosthetic knee is to restore mobility and compensate amputees for their impairment. In the present research numerical modelling and simulation of a carbon fabric reinforced polymer made polycentric prosthetic knee with four-bar mechanism was performed. Virtual prototyping with computer-aided design and computer-aided engineering software ensured geometric and structural stability of the knee design. The linkage mechanism, instantaneous centre's location and trajectory were investigated using multibody dynamics and analytical formulations. Computational simulations with a non-linear finite element model were employed with joints, contact formulations and an orthotropic material model to predict the displacement, stress formulated and life of the knee prosthesis under static and cyclic loading conditions. Finite element analysis assessed the strength and durability of knee in accordance to standards. Maximum Principal stress of 155 MPa and life expectancy of 3.1 × 106 cycles were determined for the composite knee through numerical simulations ensuring a safe design. Experimental testing was also conducted as per standards and the percentage error was estimated to be 2.52%, thereby establishing the validity of the finite element model deployed. This type of simulation-based approach can be implemented to efficiently and affordably design and prototype a prosthetic knee with desired functioning criteria.

The Effect of Twisted Wire Configuration on the Stability of External Fixator: A Biomechanical Study

The Ilizarov fixator is a type of external fixator that is used to treat patients who have suffered injuries from accidents, bone shortening, or nonunion of the bone. The principle behind the Ilizarov fixator is that thin wires (called Kirschner wires) are used to support the bones and connect them to framed rings. Before being fastened to the rings, the wires are tensioned and drilled through the bones. This study suggests using a new parallel wires configuration at the same level on the same ring and two revised versions, which are divergent and convergent models, and compare them with standard wires, 60 angle wires model. All models were designed using SolidWorks, a computer-aided design (CAD) software, and then analyzed in four conditions (axial compression, medial bending, posterior bending, and torsion) with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Ansys Workbench 2020 R2. Mechanical testing was conducted to validate the FEA results, A simple model consisting of a single ring, two K-wires, and polylactic acid (PLA) cylinders was utilized in a tensile test. It has been concluded from the results that the parallel model and its improvement have higher stiffness to axial compression, medial bending, and torsion, but a lower posterior bending stiffness, except the divergent model with 8-hole separation which has a relatively acceptable stiffness for posterior bending.

Magic NeRF lens: interactive fusion of neural radiance fields for virtual facility inspection

Virtual reality (VR) has become an important interactive visualization tool for various industrial processes including facility inspection and maintenance. The capability of a VR application to present users with realistic simulations of complex systems and immerse them in, for example, inaccessible remote environments is often essential for using VR in real-world industrial domains. While many VR solutions have already been developed to support virtual facility inspection, previous systems provide immersive visualizations only with limited realism, because the real-world conditions of facilities are often difficult to reconstruct with accurate meshes and point clouds or typically too time-consuming to be consistently updated in computer-aided design (CAD) software toolkits. In this work, we present Magic NeRF Lens, a VR framework that supports immersive photorealistic visualizations of complex industrial facilities leveraging the recent advancement of neural radiance fields (NeRF). We introduce a data fusion technique to merge a NeRF model with the polygonal representation of it’s corresponding CAD model, which optimizes VR NeRF rendering through magic-lens-style interactions while introducing a novel industrial visualization design that can support practical tasks such as facility maintenance planning and redesign. We systematically benchmarked the performance of our framework, investigated users’ perceptions of the magic-lens-style visualization design through a visual search experiment to derive design insights, and performed an empirical evaluation of our system through expert reviews. To support further research and development of customized VR NeRF applications, the source code of the toolkit was made openly available.

A digital workflow for designing and manufacturing metal frameworks and removable partial dentures: A novel dental technique.

The purpose of this technical report is to demonstrate a fully digital workflow for designing and fabricating metal frameworks and removable partial dentures. After obtaining a digital cast of the dental arch with bilateral distal extension defect, computer-aided design software and 3D printing technology are used for the design and fabrication of the removable partial denture frameworks, denture teeth, and denture bases, instead of the traditional workflow. The assembly of the three components is facilitated through a meticulously structured framework. The technology, which prints metal frameworks, denture bases, and denture teeth through different processes with different materials, achieves full 3D printing technology for making removable partial dentures.

CFD Based on The Visualisation of Aortic Valve Mechanism in Aortic Valve Stenosis for Risk Prediction at The Peak Velocity

Aortic valve disease plays a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), leading to increased rates of mortality and morbidity. Two diseases, aortic valve regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis are known to occur in the aortic valve. However, aortic valve stenosis is gaining attention due to its severe impact on the patient. The malfunction of the aortic valve might be affected by blood flow, which leads to stenosis. This study aims to investigate the blood flow re-circulation on the aortic valve in different stenotic regions when the blood’s velocity reaches the pick flow of the time in the systole phases. Four different models of aortic valve stenotic are designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach governed by the Navier-Stokes equation is imposed to identify the characteristics of the blood backflow at the left ventricle. Several hemodynamic factors are considered, such as time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT). The blood flow characteristic is expected to be chaotic, especially at the highest percentages of aortic valve stenosis, presenting the worst condition to the heart. This finding supports healthcare providers in foreseeing the deterioration of the patient’s condition and opting for aorta valve surgery replacement.

Virtual Implant Planning and Surgical Guide for Single Implant Placement Fabricated from a Digital Diagnostic Cast, 2-dimensional Radiographic Imaging, and an Open-source Program: A Dental Technique.

A technique for virtually planning single implant by combining an intraoral digital scan, an opensource computer-aided design software program, bone sounding, and 2-dimensional radiographic imaging is described. The surgical implant guide is fabricated by using additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, the surgical implant guide positioned in the patient's mouth is used to radiographically verify the estimated mesio-distal implant angulation before proceeding with the surgical intervention and modified, if necessary. When a cone bean computed tomography scan is not available, this technique eases implant planning procedures and minimize possible surgical complications.

A Finite Element Analysis Study of Edentulous Model with Complete Denture to Simulate Masticatory Movement.

The purposes of this study are to establish and validate a finite element (FE) model using finite element analysis methods and to identify optimal loading conditions to simulate masticatory movement. A three-dimensional FE model of the maxillary and mandibular cortical bone, cancellous bone, and gingiva was constructed based on edentulous cone-beam-computed tomography data. Dental computer-aided design software was used to design the denture base and artificial teeth to produce a complete denture. Mesh convergence was performed to derive the optimal mesh size, and validation was conducted through comparison with mechanical test results. The mandible was rotated step-by-step to induce movements similar to actual mastication. Results showed that there was less than a 6% difference between the mechanical test and the alveolar bone-complete denture. It opened 10° as set in the first stage, confirming that the mouth closed 7° in the second stage. Occlusal contact occurred between the upper and lower artificial teeth as the mouth closed the remaining angle of 3° in the third stage while activating the masseter muscle. These results indicate that the FE model and masticatory loading conditions developed in this study can be applied to analyze biomechanical effects according to the wearing of dentures with various design elements applied.

Effective multiscale structural analysis of thick sandwich structures with 3D woven composite face sheets and a soft core based on coupled micromechanics and refined zigzag theory

In this study, a novel multiscale analysis technique is presented for predicting the mechanical behavior of 3D woven composites. To this end, the model of the representative unit cell (RUC) is generated using SOLIDWORKS computer-aided design package by taking the optical microscopic images as a reference. The fiber volume fractions (FVF) of the impregnated yarns are calculated using the roving parameters and the dry fiber density for each tow separately. Homogenized properties are obtained by utilizing the finite element analysis (FEM) software ABAQUS. The proposed method simplifies the meso-modeling process of 3D woven composites as it does not require CT scanning for geometry generation or sophisticated localized fiber volume fraction measurements. The verification of the current model is carried out both in the meso scale where the RUC surface strains are compared with DIC results and in the macro scale where tensile and flexural tests are simulated and compared with the experiments. Finally, the applicability of this method is demonstrated through an assessment study of the 3D woven composites as facesheets in thick sandwich structures in an isogeometric refined zigzag framework.

3D-printed custom tray for maxillofacial implant assisted partial denture.

This technique presents a new fabrication workflow for a three-dimensional (3D) printed custom tray, which duplicates the morphology of the treatment denture for maxillofacial prostheses using an intraoral scanner, computer-aideddesign (CAD) software, and a 3D printer. A 70-year-old man underwent reconstruction of segmental mandibulectomy for mandibular osteoblastoma, followed by implant placement and secondary surgery. During the surgical treatment, a treatment denture was fabricated to restore oral function and determine the morphology of the definitive denture. To create the definitive denture with the same morphology as the treatment denture a custom tray was fabricated with the denture morphology after chairside adjustments. The oral cavity was scanned using an intraoral scanner, and the data acquired were imported into general-purpose CAD software, adjusted, and imported into a 3D printer to produce the custom tray. This was fitted into the patient's mouth without any issues, and closed tray impressions were made with impression caps for the locator attachments on the implant body. The morphology of the treatment denture was replicated in the definitive denture by making a silicon impression of the cameo surface at the fabrication of the cast after impression making. In this technique, the morphology of the treatment denture was transferred accurately to the definitive implant partial denture by leveraging existing digital technology. This method represents a practical approach for partial denture fabrication, including maxillofacial defects with complex denture configurations.

3D Printing Chitosan-based Nanobiomaterials for Biomedicine and Drug Delivery: Recent Advances on the Promising Bioactive Agents and Technologies

Abstract: 3D bioprinting is a novel technology that has gained significant attention recently due to its potential applications in developing simultaneously controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) for administering several active substances, such as growth factors, proteins, and drug molecules. This technology provides high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated way. Chitosan is a naturalderived polysaccharide from chitin, found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs. Chitosan- based implants can be prepared using 3D bioprinting technology by depositing successive layers of chitosan- based bioink containing living cells and other biomaterials. The resulting implants can be designed to release drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period. The use of chitosan-based implants for drug delivery has several advantages over conventional drug delivery systems. Chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible, so it can be safely used in vivo without causing any adverse effects. It is also non-immunogenic, meaning it does not elicit an immune response when implanted in vivo. Chitosan-based implants are also costeffective and can be prepared using simple techniques. 3D bioprinting is an emerging technology that has revolutionized the field of tissue engineering by enabling the fabrication of complex 3D structures with high precision and accuracy. It involves using computer-aided design (CAD) software to create a digital model of the desired structure, which is then translated into a physical object using a 3D printer. The printer deposits successive layers of bioink, which contains living cells and other biomaterials, to create a 3D structure that mimics the native tissue. One of the most promising applications of 3D bioprinting is developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) to administer several active substances, such as growth factors, proteins, and drug molecules. DDSs are designed to release drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period, which can improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. Chitosan-based implants have emerged as a promising candidate for DDSs due to their attractive properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, low cost, and nonimmunogenicity. 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful tool for developing simultaneously controlled DDSs for administering several active substances. The rationale behind integrating 3D printing technology with chitosan-based scaffolds for drug delivery lies in the ability to produce customized, biocompatible, and precisely designed systems that enable targeted and controlled drug release. This novel methodology shows potential for advancing individualized healthcare, regenerative treatments, and the creation of cutting- edge drug delivery systems. This review highlights the potential applications of 3D bioprinting technology for preparing chitosan-based implants for drug delivery.

Design, Engineering Analysis, and Fabrication of a Prototype Electromechanical Finger Fixator Control System

This paper investigates a new external fixator system for treating finger contractures. This innovative system is electric and user-friendly, providing precise readings of the angles of diseased finger joints. Accurate measurements of the angles of the diseased finger joints can assist therapists and patients during rehabilitation procedures. The fixator consists of ten parts assembled using polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) for the plastic components and stainless steel for the metal components. The design model was engineered, drawn, and analyzed using SolidWorks Computer-Aided Design software. The verification process utilizes finite element analysis to demonstrate that the maximum stress was lower than the yield strength of the chosen materials. As a result, the new device design is robust and stable enough to withstand the anticipated loading conditions of human fingers. Subsequently, a prototype was fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technology, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM). The proposed fixator is simple to control, reliable, easy to use, and reproducible. It enables device users to exercise their finger joints throughout the day without requiring the assistance of specialists.

Comparison of 3D-Printed Single Crown Outcomes Among Different Computer-Aided Design Software Programs.

Low-cost resin 3D printers have been used to produce affordable interim single crowns in public and private dental practices. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of different computer-aided design (CAD) software programs on 3D trueness, microscopic marginal and internal gaps, time to design, and interproximal contacts of low-cost 3D-printed single crowns. This in vitro study was performed on a total of 90 standardized resin-prepared teeth adapted to a dental manikin. For comparison among CAD software programs, 45 tooth preparations received 3D-printed crowns designed with one of three CAD software programs by an experienced technician and identified as groups TRIOS (n = 15), EXOCAD (n = 15), and ZZ (Zirkonzahn; n = 15). To assess interoperator reproducibility, 15 additional crowns were designed by a dental clinician (group ZZ-DENT) and 15 by a dental prosthetic technician (group ZZ-PROS), both with basic 1-week CAD/CAM training. Finally, as a control group, 15 crowns were milled using a high-end five-axis milling device (group ZZ-CONTROL). Statistically significant differences for 3D trueness, microscopic gaps, time to design, and interproximal contacts among groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. No statistically significant differences in 3D trueness or marginal or internal gaps were found, either among different software programs or CAD operators (P > .05). However, Group TRIOS took significantly longer to design than EXOCAD and ZZ groups (P = .001). Less-experienced operators were significantly outperformed in time and interproximal contacts (P = .001) by the CAD technician using the same software program. Finally, control milled crowns (ZZ-CONTROL) significantly outperformed the respective 3D-printed copies (ZZ) in all assessed variables (P < .001). Different CAD software programs may affect the time required to design, but they do not significantly affect clinical outcomes of low-cost 3D-printed resin crowns if designed by an experienced CAD technician.